Carcinoma basocelular de vulva: relato de caso / Basal cell carcinoma of the vulva: case report

Introdução: O carcinoma basocelular (CBC) de vulva é uma condição rara que corresponde a menos de 0,4% dos casos de CBC e de 2% a 4% das neoplasias de vulva. O CBC de vulva é mais comum entre mulheres brancas, multíparas e na pósmenopausa, especialmente na sétima década de vida. O objetivo é relatar um caso de CBC de vulva no qual discutiram-se os aspectos do diagnóstico e tratamento. Relato de Caso: Mulher de 63 anos de idade, G1P1A0, chega ao consultório em janeiro de 2022 para tratamento de lesão persistente em vulva. Realizou-se biópsia incisional que mostrou tratar-se de provável carcinoma basocelular nodular com invasão da derme. A paciente submeteu-se a uma ressecção do tumor com margens macroscópicas livres e sutura primária. A cirurgia não teve complicações no pré-operatório e no pós-operatório. O histopatológico da peça cirúrgica mostrou tratar-se de carcinoma basocelular nodular com área irregular, plana, branco, medindo 0,7x0,4cm, com as margens laterais distando 7,0 e 5,0mm e profundas, 5,9mm; todas livres. Conclusão: O caso relatado é raro, tendo sido o tratamento de ressecção cirúrgica do CBC de vulva com margens bem-sucedido. Catorze meses após a cirurgia, a paciente encontra-se sem evidências de recidiva local ou regional.

Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the vulva is a rare condition that accounts for less than 0.4% of BCC cases and 2% to 4% of vulvar neoplasms. BCC of the vulva is more common among white, multiparous and postmenopausal women, especially in the seventh decade of life. The aim is to report a case of BCC of the vulva in which aspects of diagnosis and treatment were discussed. Case report: A 63-year-old woman, G1P1A0, arrives at the office in January 2022 for treatment of a persistent lesion on her vulva. An incisional biopsy was performed and showed that it was likely nodular basal cell carcinoma with invasion of the dermis. The patient underwent tumor resection with free macroscopic margins and primary suture. The surgery had no complications preoperatively or postoperatively. The histopathology of the surgical specimen showed that it was a nodular basal cell carcinoma with an irregular, flat, white area, measuring 0.7x0.4cm, with the lateral margins 7.0 and 5.0mm apart and 5.9mm deep; all free. Conclusion: The reported case is rare, with surgical resection of BCC of the vulva with margins being successful. Fourteen months after surgery, the patient has no evidence of local or regional recurrence.

Challenging Diagnosis of Low-grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma of the Chest Wall: Case Report / Diagnóstico Desafiador de Sarcoma Fibromixoide de Baixo Grau de Parede Torácica: Relato de Caso / Diagnóstico Desafiante de Sarcoma Fibromixoide de Bajo Grado de Pared Torácica: Informe de Caso

Introduction: Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare special subtype of fibrosarcoma, it is more common in the trunk and proximal limbs. First described by Evans in 1987, this tumor is also named Evans tumor. Diagnosis of LGFMS may be quite challenging, either due to the low suspicion rate of the tumor or low specificity of its morphological pattern and immunohistochemical profile, a phenomenon that is magnified when tumor location is less usual, such as in the chest wall. The present article presents a challenging case of LGFMS of the chest wall. Case report: Female, 58-year-old patient was referred to the oncology referral clinic with a breast tumor. Diagnostic investigation included imaging tests (breast US and chest CT scan) and core needle biopsy. CT scan revealed the epicenter of the tumor in the left anterior thoracic wall. Biopsy to evaluate the histologic type of tumor was carried out and the result was inconclusive. Therefore, surgical excision of the tumor was performed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry studies of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis of LGFMS of the chest wall. Currently, after 36 months of the surgical excision, the patient is still doing well and continues under clinical follow-up. Conclusion: Although the diagnosis of LGFMS of the chest wall is challenging, it should be done correctly, since these cases require a long and thorough clinical follow-up

Introdução:O sarcoma fibromixoide de baixo grau (SFBG) é um subtipo especial de fibrossarcoma de ocorrência rara, sendo mais frequente em tronco e parte proximal dos membros. Esse tumor, primeiramente descrito por Evans em 1987, também pode ser chamado de "tumor de Evans". O diagnóstico de SFBG pode ser bastante desafiador tanto por ser um tumor pouco suspeitado como pelo fato de seu padrão morfológico e perfil imuno-histoquímico serem pouco específicos, fenômeno magnificado quando a localização é menos usual, como na parede torácica. O presente artigo apresenta um caso desafiador de SFBG de parede torácica. Relato do caso: Paciente, sexo feminino, 58 anos, foi encaminhada ao serviço de referência oncológica com tumor em região mamária. Realizou-se investigação diagnóstica com exames de imagens (ultrassonografia das mamas e tomografia computadorizada ­ TC de tórax) e biópsia por agulha grossa. A TC de tórax evidenciou que o tumor tinha epicentro na parede torácica anterior esquerda. Não houve conclusão sobre o tipo histológico do tumor. Foi realizada excisão cirúrgica. O histopatológico e a imuno-histoquímica da peça cirúrgica permitiram o diagnóstico de SFBG de parede torácica. Atualmente, 36 meses após a excisão do tumor, a paciente está bem e em seguimento clínico. Conclusão: Apesar de o diagnóstico de um SFBG de parede torácica ser desafiador, é importante realizá-lo adequadamente, uma vez que esses casos exigem um seguimento clínico longo e minucioso

Introducción: El sarcoma fibromixoide de bajo grado (SFBG) es un subtipo especial de fibrosarcoma de rara aparición, siendo más frecuente en tronco y parte proximal de las extremidades. Descrito por primera vez por Evans en 1987, este tumor también ha sido llamado tumor de Evans. El diagnóstico de un SFBG puede ser bastante desafiante, tanto porque es un tumor poco sospechado como porque su patrón morfológico y perfil inmunohistoquímico son poco específicos, fenómeno magnificado cuando la localización del tumor es inusual, como en la pared torácica. El objetivo de este estudio es informar un caso desafiante de SFBG de pared torácica. Informe del caso: Una paciente de 58 años con un tumor en la mama fue derivada al centro de referencia de oncología. La investigación diagnóstica incluyó pruebas de imagen (US de mama y TC de tórax) y biopsia con aguja gruesa. La TC de tórax reveló el epicentro del tumor en la pared torácica anterior izquierda. Se realizó biopsia del tipo histológico de tumor el y el resultado no fue concluyente. Por lo tanto, se realizó la extirpación quirúrgica del tumor. Los estudios de histopatología e inmunohistoquímica de la pieza quirúrgica confirmaron el diagnóstico de SFBG de pared torácica. Actualmente, a los 36 meses de la extirpación quirúrgica, la paciente sigue evolucionando bien y continúa en seguimiento clínico. Conclusión: Aunque el diagnóstico de un SFBG de pared torácica es desafiante, es importante realizarlo adecuadamente, ya que estos casos requieren un seguimiento clínico prolongado y exhaustivo

Erysipelas after surgery for breast cancer: a real-world cohort

Erysipelas is often related to lymphedema, which can occur in up to 60% of cases, with advanced age, radiotherapy, tumor extension, surgical approach, and infections as risk factors. The aim of this study was to present and discuss a series of cases of erysipelas after breast cancer surgery treated in a private mastology clinic over the past ten years. This is a retrospective horizontal cohort study in which we selected all cases of erysipelas after breast cancer surgery from 2009 to 2019. The following were evaluated: number of patients treated with a diagnosis of breast carcinoma with axillary approach, age, surgery performed, adjuvant treatment and treatment of erysipelas, presence of lymphedema, and measurement of circumferences between both arms and associated diseases. A total of 12 cases of breast cancer were treated. In 66.66% of cases, a radical axillary lymphadenectomy was performed, and in 16.66% of cases, only a sentinel lymph node investigation was performed. The average age was 67.6 years. Erysipelas appeared, on average, 43 months after cancer diagnosis. Two deaths were reported due to severe erysipelas leading to sepsis. More studies are still needed on the subject. Of the 12 cases in this study, eight (66.66%) were associated with lymphedema. Only two (16.66%) of the patients in this group who developed erysipelas were not submitted to axillary dissection. The treatment for 50% of the participants in this research was with penicillin G benzathine. There were three relapses, and two patients died during the research period

Migração para veia hepática de cateter totalmente implantável para quimioterapia em paciente com carcinoma de mama: relato de caso / Hepatic vein migration of a totally implantable venous access port-a-cath for chemotherapy in a breast carcinoma patient: case report

Resumo O cateter totalmente implantável (CTI) é utilizado na administração da quimioterapia. Em menos de 1% dos casos de complicação, pode ocorrer migração do CTI para quimioterapia para a circulação sistêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever um caso de migração do CTI para a veia hepática. Uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 44 anos de idade, teve diagnóstico de câncer de mama com indicação de quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Realizou-se a implantação de cateter port-a-cath. Durante o procedimento de punção do cateter, houve retorno normal de sangue, e foi realizada infusão de soro fisiológico. Em seguida, houve um aumento de volume no local do port e não retorno de sangue à aspiração. A radiografia de tórax mostrou embolização do cateter em topografia hepática. Retirou-se o cateter pela técnica do laço (sem complicações), e a paciente recebeu alta no dia seguinte. Possíveis alterações no funcionamento do CTI devem chamar atenção da equipe responsável.

Abstract A totally implantable venous access port (TIVAP) is used for chemotherapy administration. Venous port migration to the systemic circulation occurs in less than 1% of complications. The aim of this study is to describe a case of TIVAP migration to the hepatic vein. A 44-year-old female patient with breast cancer was prescribed neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A port-a-cath was surgically implanted for chemotherapy. During the port puncture procedure, blood returned normally when aspirated. When the port was first accessed and flushed with saline solution, swelling was observed at the port site and blood could no longer be aspirated. A chest radiography showed catheter embolization in the region of the hepatic vein. The catheter was retrieved using a snare technique (without complications) and the patient was discharged the next day. The care team should be alert to possible TIIVAP malfunction.

Survival analysis of patients with breast cancer and secondary brain metastasis: a retrospective cohort

Introduction: The presence of brain metastases secondary to primary breast cancer implies a worse prognosis for those affected. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the median survival after the diagnosis of brain metastasis in patients with breast carcinoma in a center in northeastern Brazil. Methods: The medical records of 345 patients diagnosed with breast cancer, treated between 1998 and July 2018, were analyzed. Those with brain metastasis along with their treatment performed and survival were identified. Results: Nine (2.6%) patients had brain metastasis; the mean age was 56.8 years. The mean survival time determined by the Kaplan-Meier method was 23.8 months (95%CI 6.9­40.8). Seven patients (78%) died from the disease and two were lost to follow-up (22%); invasive carcinoma of no special type was the most frequent (78%). Molecular classification by immunohistochemistry was possible in seven patients: five luminal B subtype cases, one luminal A case and one triple-negative case; luminal B subtype was associated with longer survival: 23.3 months (95%CI 3.0­43.6). As for the initial clinical staging, according to the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors, there was one IA case, one IIA case, three IIB cases and two IIIB cases. Three patients underwent modified radical mastectomy, and six underwent conservative treatment (quadrantectomy); there was no statistical difference in survival between the different forms of treatment (p=0.771). Conclusion: The median survival after diagnosis of brain metastasis from breast cancer was 23.80 months.

Prognostic factors in triple-negative breast cancer: a retrospective cohort

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by lack of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression and accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancers. This study aims to analyze prognostic factors related to a reduction in overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and risk of mortality and recurrence in TNBC. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational cohort study. Medical records of 532 patients with breast cancer diagnosed from 2007 to 2020 were analyzed. Of these patients, 93 (17%) were women with TNBC. Ten medical records were excluded, and the final sample was composed of 83 women with TNBC. OS and DFS were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier model. Univariate analysis (log-rank test) and multivariate analysis (Cox regression) were used to examine prognostic factors related to a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in OS and DFS and increased risk of mortality and tumor recurrence. RESULTS: Smoking, advanced clinical stage, larger tumor size, angiolymphatic invasion, positive sentinel lymph node, axillary node involvement, higher cancer burden, surgical treatment with mastectomy, and recurrence were related to a significant decrease in OS and/or DFS and increased risk of mortality and/or recurrence in TNBC. The 10-year OS and DFS was around 61 and 65%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced clinical stage, positive sentinel lymph node, axillary node involvement, surgical treatment with mastectomy, and higher residual cancer burden were related to a significant reduction in OS and DFS and increased risk of mortality and recurrence in TNBC.

Mesotelioma epitelioide multicístico infiltrando parede abdominal e coxa: relato de caso / Multicystic epithelioid mesothelioma infiltrating abdominal wall and thigh: case report

RESUMO O mesotelioma epitelioide multicístico é um tumor benigno raro que surge a partir de modificações nas células mesoteliais peritoneais. Relatamos um caso de um grande mesotelioma epitelioide multicístico em paciente do sexo feminino com infiltração em parede abdominal e coxa. Foi realizada a ressecção ampla do tumor e reconstrução com múltiplos retalhos fasciocutâneos randomizados em região do abdome, flancos, retalhos de coxa direita e esquerda e retalho de vulva. Segue há 9 meses com cicatrização completa sem recidiva e sem queixas.

Abstract Multicystic epithelioid mesothelioma is a rare benign tumor that arises from changes in peritoneal mesothelial cells. We report a large multicystic epithelioid mesothelioma case in a female patient with infiltration into the abdominal wall and thigh. Extensive tumor resection and reconstruction were performed with multiple fasciocutaneous flaps randomized in the abdominal region, flanks, right and left thigh flaps and vulva flap. It has been in full healing for nine months without recurrence and complaints.

Úlcera de Marjolin em cicatriz de lesão por pressão: relato de caso / Marjolin ulcer in pressure injury scar: a case report

A úlcera de Marjolin (carcinoma epidermoide) é uma condição rara que surge de uma lesão cutânea crônica. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente que desenvolveu um carcinoma epidermoide em tecido cicatricial de uma úlcera por pressão. Depois de onze anos da cirurgia para corrigir uma úlcera por pressão no glúteo direito, a paciente desenvolveu um carcinoma epidermoide numa úlcera por pressão no glúteo esquerdo e negligenciou a afecção. Realizou-se ampla ressecção da lesão com margens livres no resultado histopatológico final. Úlcera de Marjolin é uma expressão que comumente se refere à degeneração maligna de feridas crônicas que não curaram ou curaram por segunda intenção. Com frequência se descreve como vários tipos de lesiones, incluídas as cicatrizes das úlceras por pressão. Os mecanismos patogênicos por trás da transformação maligna destas lesões ainda não foram dilucidados por completo. O diagnóstico se realiza inicialmente mediante exame clínico devido ao aspecto da lesão e se confirma por biópsia. A cirurgia é o tratamento de eleição com o fechamento do defeito com retalhos ou enxertos, dependendo de cada caso.

Marjolin ulcer (epidermoid carcinoma) is a rare condition that arises from a chronic skin lesion. We present a patient who developed an epidermoid carcinoma in the scar tissue of a pressure ulcer. After eleven years of surgery to correct a pressure ulcer in the right gluteus, the patient developed an epidermoid carcinoma in a pressure ulcer in the left gluteus and neglected the condition. Wide resection of the lesion was performed with free margins in the final histopathological result. Marjolin ulcer is an expression that commonly refers to the malignant degeneration of chronic wounds that have not healed or healed by secondary intention. It is often described as various types of lesions, including the scars of pressure ulcers. The pathogenic mechanisms behind the malignant transformation of these lesions have not yet been completely elucidated. The diagnosis is initially made by clinical examination due to the lesion aspect and is confirmed by biopsy. Surgery is the choice treatment closing the defect with flaps or grafts, depending on each case.

Opinião de médicos brasileiros sobre o tratamento da COVID-19 / Opinion of Brazilian physicians on the treatment of COVID-19 / Opinión de médicos brasileños sobre el tratamiento de la COVID-19

Objetivo: Investigar a opinião de médicos brasileiros sobre o tratamento precoce da COVID-19 com hidroxicloroquina/ cloroquina e azitromicina em pacientes com suspeita clínica e sobre o tratamento com corticoterapia na fase inflamatória da doença. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de opinião, com amostragem por conveniência, com médicos atuantes no Brasil. A coleta dos dados ocorreu no período de 26 de maio a 8 de junho de 2020 (13 dias), por meio de um formulário Google, disponibilizado publicamente nas redes sociais e aplicativos de comunicação. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos dados, teste de independência, teste T Student e modelo de regressão logística com análise multivariada. Resultados: A pesquisa contou com 1.020 médicos participantes, com média de 21,9 anos de formado. 72,4% dos participantes apresentaram-se a favor do tratamento precoce com hidroxicloroquina/cloroquina e azitromicina e 89,7% dos médicos apresentaram-se favoráveis ao uso da corticoterapia para o tratamento da fase inflamatória da COVID-19. Constatou-se também que participantes com maior idade, com residência médica, atuantes nas regiões Nordeste e Norte possuíam mais chances de serem favoráveis aos tratamentos. Por outro lado, profissionais especialistas em medicina intensiva, infectologia e pneumologia, além de atuantes nas unidades de terapia intensiva, mostraram-se mais desfavoráveis. Conclusão: A maioria dos médicos investigados nesta pesquisa de opinião mostrou-se a favor do tratamento precoce apresentado e do uso da corticoterapia no tratamento da COVID-19. Já os especialistas em medicina intensiva, infectologia e pneumologia e profissionais atuantes nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva mostraram-se mais desfavoráveis.

Objective: To investigate the opinion of Brazilian physicians on the early treatment of COVID-19 with hydroxychloroquine/ chloroquine and azithromycin in patients with clinical suspicion and on the treatment with corticosteroid therapy in the inflammatory stage of the disease. Methods: This is an opinion survey conducted with a convenient sample of physicians working in Brazil. Data were collected from May 26 to June 8, 2020 (13 days) through Google forms made publicly available on social media and chat applications. Data underwent descriptive analysis, independence test, Student t-test, and a logistic regression model using multivariate analysis. Results: The survey included 1020 physicians with a mean of 21.9 years since graduation. 72.4% of the participants were in favor of early treatment with hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine and azithromycin and 89.7% of the physicians were in favor of using corticosteroid therapy to treat the inflammatory stage of COVID-19. We also observed that older participants, those who completed medical residency, and those working in the Northeast and North regions were more likely to be in favor of the treatments. On the other hand, professionals specialized in intensive care medicine, infectious diseases and pneumology and working in intensive care units were more opposed. Conclusion: Most physicians in this opinion survey were in favor of the early treatment presented and the use of corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of COVID-19. But specialists in intensive care medicine, infectious diseases and pulmonology, and professionals working in Intensive Care Units were more opposed to them.

Objetivo: Investigar la opinión de médicos brasileños sobre el tratamiento precoz de la COVID-19 con la hidroxicloroquina/ cloroquina y la azitromicina en pacientes con sospecha clínica y bajo el tratamiento de corticoterapia en la fase inflamatoria de la enfermedad. Métodos: Se trata de una investigación de opinión con la muestra de conveniencia realizada con médicos de Brasil. La recogida de datos se dio en el periodo entre 26 de mayo y 8 de junio de 2020 (13 días) a través de un formulario Google que ha estado disponible públicamente en las redes sociales y los aplicativos de comunicación. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos, la prueba de independencia, la prueba T Student y el modelo de regresión logística con el análisis multivariado. Resultados: La investigación tuvo 1.020 médicos participantes, con la media de 21,9 años de término del grado. El 72,4% de los participantes se presentaron a favor del tratamiento precoz con la hidroxicloroquina/cloroquina y la azitromicina y el 89,7% de los médicos se presentaron favorables a la utilización de la corticoterapia para el tratamiento de la fase inflamatoria de la COVID-19. Se constató también que los participantes de más edad, con el curso de residencia medica y que eran de las regiones Noreste y Norte del país eran más favorables a los tratamientos. Los profesionales especialistas de la medicina intensiva, la infectologia y la neumología, además de actuaren en las unidades de cuidados intensivos parecieron más desfavorables. Conclusión: La mayoría de los médicos investigados de esa investigación de opinión se mostró favorable al tratamiento precoz presentado y a la utilización de la corticoterapia para el tratamiento de la COVID-19. Los especialistas de la medicina intensiva, la infectología y la neumología y los profesionales de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos se presentaron más desfavorables a los tratamientos.

Pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 genes among patients with triple-negative breast cancer: a case series

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an uncommon molecular subtype (representing 15%­20% of breast cancers) characterized by the non-expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth receptor factor 2. More aggressive and lethal, TNBC is often associated with pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 genes. This study aimed to describe a series of seven cases of patients with TNBC and pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 genes. All patients were female and under 50 years of age at diagnosis. Four of them presented a family history of breast cancer and/or other neoplasms. The predominant clinical stage was IIB, and the main anatomopathological stage was pT2pN0M0. The mean tumor size in the series was 2.5 cm (1.0 to 3.2 cm). Ki-67 was > 30% in all patients. Three cases (43%) had pathological complete response, and only one presented extensive residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Six patients showed pathogenic variants in BRCA1 (86%) and one in BRCA2+ (14%). After a mean follow-up of 38 months (19 to 68 months), five patients were alive and without neoplastic disease, and two progressed to metastasis.

Low-grade carcinoma in situ in fibroadenoma: a case report

Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast neoplasms. In rare cases, a carcinoma may develop within a fibroadenoma. The aim of this study was to report a case of low-grade carcinoma in situ in a fibroadenoma. A 31-year-old female, G0P0A0 and without family history of cancer, arrives at the service with an expressive breast lump growth along the year year. Core biopsy, histopathological and immunohistochemical studies showed an in-situ carcinoma in a fibroadenoma. Surgical resection was performed with a safety margin, and anatomopathological study and immunohistochemistry of the surgical specimen confirmed the core biopsy diagnosis. Currently, the patient is under annual clinical follow-up with mammography and breast ultrasound and no evidence of neoplastic disease. Although this is a rare event and few cases are described in the literature, carcinomas in situ can occur in a fibroadenoma.

Sobrevida após exenteração pélvica em câncer de colo de útero recidivado: uma série de cinco casos / Survival after pelvic exenteration in recurrent cervical cancer: a series of five cases

A exenteração pélvica pode curar pacientes com câncer de colo do útero com recorrência central após radioterapia e quimioterapia. A avaliação pré-operatória é essencial para excluir doença metastática e evitar cirurgias desnecessárias nesse cenário. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a sobrevida de uma série de casos de pacientes submetidas à exenteração pélvica em clínica privada de Teresina. Este é o resultado parcial de um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, transversal e descritivo, realizado em uma clínica privada especializada no tratamento do câncer em Teresina, PI, Brasil, de junho de 2002 a fevereiro de 2020. Cinco pacientes foram incluídas no estudo, com idades entre 29 e 62 anos. No presente estudo, a sobrevida mediana foi de 44,8 meses. Duas pacientes estão vivas e sem doença com seguimento de 201 e 5 meses, respectivamente.(AU)

Pelvic exenteration can heal patients with cervical cancer with central recurrence after radiotherapy and / or chemotherapy. Preoperative evaluation is essential to exclude metastatic disease and to avoid unnecessary surgery in this scenario. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the survival of a series of cases of patients submitted to pelvic exenteration in a private clinic in Teresina. This is the partial result of an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study, conducted at a private clinic specialized in cancer treatment in Teresina, Brazil, from June 2002 to February 2020. Five patients were included in the study, aged between 29 and 62 years. In the present study, the median survival was 44,8 months. Two patients are alive and without disease with a follow-up of 201 and 5 months, respectively.(AU)

Tratamento precoce para COVID-19 baseado em evidência científica / Early treatment of COVID-19 based on scientific evidence / Tratamiento precoz para COVID-19 basado en evidencia científica

Objetivo: Apresentar uma proposta de tratamento precoce para pacientes com COVID-19 em Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS). Métodos: Trata-se de uma proposta de protocolo de tratamento para COVID-19 com hidroxicloroquina ou cloroquina com base na literatura científica disponível no momento (13 de junho de 2020). O levantamento dos estudos ocorreu na base PubMed, por meio dos descritores COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine e chloroquine. Foram selecionados cinco artigos, dos 645 artigos encontrados, por abordarem o uso de hidroxicloroquina ou cloroquina no tratamento da fase precoce da COVID-19. Resultados: A proposta de protocolo para tratamento precoce para pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19 envolve orientações sobre os principais sintomas, orientações gerais à população, avaliação médica, considerações sobre exames, terapia recomendada, orientações pós prescrição e critérios para internação. Conclusão: Baseado em estudos, o tratamento precoce ambulatorial da COVID-19 com hidroxicloroquina ou cloroquina parece diminuir o risco de internação e, assim, a necessidade de leitos de terapia intensiva. A decisão de adoção do tratamento a ser proposto é do paciente, e o médico só deve adotar após o paciente assinar o consentimento livre e esclarecido, por tratar-se de prescrição off label. Estudos randomizados são necessários para confirmar essa hipótese.

Objective: To present a proposal for early treatment of patients with COVID-19 in a Primary Health Care (PHC) center. Methods: This is a proposed treatment protocol for COVID-19 using hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine based on the currently (June 13, 2020) available scientific literature. PubMed database was searched for studies using the descriptors COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine, and chloroquine. Five studies were selected from the 645 studies found as they addressed the use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 in early stages. Results: The proposed early treatment protocol for patients with suspected COVID-19 includes guidance on the main symptoms, general guidelines for the population, medical evaluation, examination considerations, recommended therapy, post-prescription guidelines and criteria for hospitalization. Conclusion: According to the studies, early outpatient treatment of COVID-19 with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine seems to decrease the risk of hospitalization and the need for intensive care beds. The decision to adopt the proposed treatment is made by the patient, and the physician should only conduct the treatment after obtaining written informed consent from the patient, as it is an off-label prescription. Randomized studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Objetivo: Presentar una propuesta de tratamiento precoz para pacientes con la COVID-19 en Unidad Básica de Salud (UBS). Métodos: Se trata de una propuesta de protocolo de tratamiento para la COVID-19 con hidrocloroquina o cloroquina basado en la literatura científica disponible en el momento (13 de junio de 2020). La recogida de los estudios se dio en la base de datos PubMed a través de los descriptores COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine y chloroquine. De los 645 artículos encontrados se ha elegido cinco de ellos sobre el uso de la hidrocloroquina o cloroquina para el tratamiento de la fase precoz de la COVID-19. Resultados: En la propuesta del protocolo para el tratamiento precoz de pacientes con sospecha de la COVID-19 hay orientaciones de los síntomas principales, las orientaciones generales para la población, la evaluación médica, las consideraciones de las pruebas, la terapia recomendada, las orientaciones post prescripición y los criterios para el ingreso hospitalario. Conclusión: Basados en estudios, el tratamiento precoz de ambulatorio de la COVID-19 con hidrocloroquina o cloroquina parece disminuir el riesgo de ingreso hospitalario y la necesidad de camas de la unidad de cuidados intensivos. La decisión para la adhesión al tratamiento propuesto es del paciente y el medico solo debe iniciarlo tras la firma del consentimiento libre esclarecido de parte del paciente una vez que se trata de prescripción off label. Son necesarios estudios randomizados para confirmar esa hipótesis.

Bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy in a patient over 50 years of age: case report with an emphasis on the psychological aspect in the face of serious complications

Malignant breast neoplasia is the main cause of cancer mortality in women in Brazil, after non-melanoma skin cancer, and about 5 to 10% of these cases are associated with family inheritance; BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the most frequently mutated. In this sense, there has been a paradigm shift in medical practice regarding breast cancers in recent years, with the implementation of risk-reducing surgical procedures, such as bilateral mastectomy and salpingo-oopherectomy, which still have controversies in the indication, in addition to fears and sufferings of patients, before and after the procedure. A 54-year-old female patient has been undergoing routine examinations since 2009 (49 years), as she has a family history of breast cancer. In May 2014 (54 years old), the patient underwent genetic research, discovering the pathogenic 648delT mutation in heterozygosity in the BRCA1 gene. Although complementary exams did not indicate any neoplasia, the patient wanted to undergo risk-reducing surgery. After interprofessional discussion with the patient, bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy were performed. The patient had a postoperative infection, and one of the silicone prostheses was removed from her breast. In 2015 (55 years old), she underwent a new prosthesis inclusion, evolving without complications. Currently, she is being followed up and without evidence of active cancer disease. Despite the complication with the prosthesis, there was an improvement in psychological aspects that bothered her, referring to a reduction in anxiety and fear of cancer. Although beneficial, risk-reducing mastectomy has associated risks, especially in patients with advanced age and comorbidities. However, with an appropriate approach and focused on the complexities of each person, it is possible to provide the patient with a better overall psychological experience, as demonstrated in this case reported.

Análise do manejo cirúrgico de pacientes com câncer cervical recidivado após radioterapia e quimioterapia / Analysis of the surgical management of patients with recurrent cervical cancer after radiotherapy and chemotherapy

RESUMO Objetivos: Analisar os resultados de morbidade e sobrevida após cirurgias curativas e paliativas em pacientes com câncer cervical recidivado após tratamento primário com radioterapia e quimioterapia. Outro objetivo foi avaliar os fatores associados aos procedimentos curativos e não curativos. Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes submetidos à cirurgias curativas e paliativas, entre janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2017, em um centro de alta complexidade em oncolologia. O desfecho da morbidade foi relatado de acordo com a classificação de Clavien-Dindo e a análise de sobrevida foi realizada pelo método de Kaplan-Meir. Para avaliar os fatores associados aos procedimentos, foi realizada análise univariada pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Foram realizadas duas histerectomias radicais, três exenterações pélvicas com intenção curativa e cinco exenterações pélvicas paliativas. No grupo curativo, houve complicações maiores em 40% dos casos, e o tempo mediano de sobrevida foi 16 meses. No grupo paliativo, houve complicações maiores em 60% dos casos, e o tempo mediano de sobrevida foi 5 meses. Estadiamento avançado (p=0,02), sintomas (p=0,04), tamanho do tumor maior que cinco centímetros (p=0,04) e mais de três órgãos envolvidos (p=0,003) foram fatores significativamente associados a cirurgia não curativa. Conclusões: As taxas de morbidade foram maiores no grupo paliativo, e o tempo mediano de sobrevida foi menor no grupo paliativo do que no grupo curativo, entretanto esta diferença na sobrevida não teve significância estatística. Estádio avançado, sintomas, tamanho tumoral e número de órgãos envolvidos são fatores que devem ser levados em consideração na indicação de resgate cirúrgico.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To analyze the results of morbidity and survival after curative and palliative surgery in recurrent cervical cancer patients who underwent chemoradiation as their primary treatment. Another goal was to assess the factors associated with curative and non-curative procedures. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort consisting of patients undergoing surgery curative and palliative from January 2011 to December 2017 at a high complexity oncology center. Outcome of morbidity was reported according to the Clavien-Dindo classification, and survival analysis was carried out using the Kaplan-Meir method. To assess the factors associated with the procedures, a univariate analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test was performed. Results: Two radical hysterectomies, three pelvic exenterations with curative intent, and five palliatives pelvic exenterations were performed. In the curative group, there were major complications in 40% of the cases, and the median survival time was 16 months. In the palliative group, there were major complications in 60% of the cases, and the median survival time was 5 months. Advanced staging (p-value= 0.02), symptoms (p-value=0.04), tumor size greater than five centimeters (p-value=0.04), and more than three organs involved (p-value=0.003) were factors significantly associated with non-curative surgery. Conclusions: The morbidity rates of this study were higher in palliative group, and the median survival time was lower in the palliative group than the curative group, but this difference in survival was not statistically significant. Advanced stage, symptoms, tumor size and number of organs involved are factors that should be taken into consideration when indicating surgical salvage.

Radiation-induced angiosarcoma: case report / Angiossarcoma induzido por radiação: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Angiosarcoma of the breast accounts for less than 1% of breast tumors. This tumor may be primary or secondary to previous radiation therapy and it is also named "radiogenic angiosarcoma of the breast", which is still a rare entity with a poor prognosis. So far, there are only 307 cases reported about these tumors in the literature. We present a case of a 73-year-old woman with a prior history of breast-conserving treatment of right breast cancer, exhibiting mild pinkish skin changes in the ipsilateral breast. Her mammography was consistent with benign alterations (BI-RADS 2). On incisional biopsy specimens, hematoxylin-eosin showed atypical vascular lesion and suggested immunohistochemisty for diagnostic elucidation. Resection of the lesions was performed and histology showed radiogenic angiosarcoma. The patient underwent simple mastectomy. Immunohistochemistry was positive for antigens related to CD31 and CD34, and C-MYC oncogene amplification, confirming the diagnosis of angiosarcoma induced by breast irradiation. A delayed diagnosis is an important concern. Initial skin changes in radiogenic angiosarcoma are subtle, therefore, these alterations may be confused with other benign skin conditions such as telangiectasia. We highlight this case clinical aspects with the intention of alerting to the possibility of angiosarcoma of the breast in patients with a previous history of adjuvant radiation therapy for breast cancer treatment. Sixteen months after the surgery the patient remains asymptomatic.

RESUMO Os angiossarcomas de mama representam menos de 1% dos tumores da mama e podem ser primários ou secundários à radioterapia prévia. Tais tumores são chamados de "angiossarcomas radiogênicos da mama" e representam uma entidade mais rara ainda e de prognóstico ruim. Atualmente, na literatura, são encontrados apenas 307 casos desses tumores. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 73 anos, com história prévia de tratamento conservador de câncer de mama direita, apresentando alteração rósea discreta em pele da mama homolateral. A mamografia demostrou resultado compatível com alterações benignas (BI-RADS 2). No material de biópsia incisional, a hematoxilina-eosina demonstrou lesão vascular atípica e sugeriu imuno-histoquímica para elucidação diagnóstica. A paciente foi submetida à ressecção de lesões, e a histologia demonstrou angiossarcoma radiogênico. Em seguida, mastectomia simples foi realizada. A imuno-histoquímica demonstrou positividade para os antígenos relacionados a CD31 e CD34, e a amplificação do oncogene C-MYC confirmou o diagnóstico de angiossarcoma induzido por radiação mamária. O atraso no diagnóstico constitui questão importante. Considerando que as alterações iniciais da pele do angiossarcoma radiogênico são sutis e podem ser confundidas com outras condições benignas da pele, como telangiectasias, neste relato destacamos os aspectos clínicos, no intuito de alertar sobre a possibilidade de angiossarcoma de mama em pacientes com história prévia de radioterapia adjuvante para tratamento de câncer de mama. A paciente permaneceu assintomática 16 meses após a cirurgia.

Breast cancer after chest irradiation for lymphoma: case report

Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases among women worldwide. One of the risk factors for the development of this neoplasia is previous radiotherapy on the chest wall. Breast cancer, in turn, is the main long-term concern among women treated for lymphoma with radiation on the chest wall. Thus, we present a case of breast cancer that appeared 18 years after chest radiation for the treatment of lymphoma.

Retalho toracoabdominal para reconstrução de tumor de mama localmente avançado, em paciente com mutação de BRCA1 / Thoracoabdominal flap for locally advanced breast tumor reconstruction in a patient with BRCA1 mutation

O presente estudo objetiva relatar a técnica do retalho toracoabdominal pós-mastectomia por tumor localmente avançado em paciente com mutação de BRCA1. Foi realizada a mastectomia com ressecção de quase todo o músculo peitoral maior à esquerda, com linfonodectomia axilar homolateral e reconstrução do grande defeito da parede torácica com retalho toracoabdominal fasciocutâneo, baseado nas artérias intercostais posteriores.

This case report describes the application of the thoracoabdominal flap technique after locally advanced tumor mastectomy in a patient with breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) mutation. The mastectomy included resection of nearly the entire left pectoralis major muscle, with homolateral axillary lymphadenectomy and reconstruction of the large chest wall defect with a fasciocutaneous thoracoabdominal flap based on the posterior intercostal arteries.

Lobular carcinoma of the breast with metastasis to the uterine cervix

Metastases may occur in early-stage or locally-advanced tumors in diverse locations. Nevertheless, the uterine cervix is an uncommon site for metastasis, since the majority of tumors in this organ is primary carcinomas or result from the direct extension of primary pelvic tumors. The objective of the current study was to report a clinical case considered rare in the literature, as well as discuss its implications and peculiarities. This case report describes a 57-year-old patient with lobular carcinoma metastatic to the uterine cervix, >3 years after the termination of the left breast cancer treatment. A literature analysis confirmed that most cases presented with vaginal bleeding or abdominal discomfort, but many were asymptomatic. Common characteristics between the cases were the patient's age, the time period between primary tumor diagnosis and the emergence of metastatic lesions, treatment, medication, and signs/symptoms. Although rare, metastasis should be considered in women with a history of breast cancer, particularly when the complaint is abnormal vaginal bleeding

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: case series / Mastite granulomatosa idiopática: série de casos

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare disease that mimics other pathological conditions, including breast adenocarcinoma, breast tuberculosis, and abscess. Three patients diagnosed with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis were analyzed, receiving corticosteroid treatment, antibiotic therapy in cases of abscesses, and, in one case, resection of the affected breast segment. All patients exhibited regression of symptoms.

A mastite granulomatosa idiopática é uma doença rara que mimetiza outras condições patológicas, incluindo adenocarcinoma de mama, tuberculose de mama e abscesso. Foram analisados três pacientes com diagnóstico de mastite granulomatosa idiopática, que receberam como tratamento corticosteroide, antibioticoterapia em casos de abscessos e, em um caso, ressecção do segmento mamário afetado. Todas as pacientes evoluíram com regressão dos sintomas.